Final scores can be affected due to the way they were administered, especially in the clinical environment where the person taking the test can feel they are being observed or evaluated and their behavior will be adapted to the situation.Since it is a self-report inventory, scores can be exaggerated or manipulated.Some of the limitations are listed as follows: Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory This theory has a particular application into Cognitive Behavioral Therapy using techniques such as cognitive restructuring to modify or restructure negative cognitions. Here is when Beck develops his famous “Triad” of negative thoughts about the world, the future and oneself. ![]() Initially, depression was conceived and explained by Beck in psychodynamic terms as “inverted hostility against the self”.īy contrast, Beck realized the verbatim description of patient’s thoughts (negative cognitions) was extremely important to determine that cognitions were responsible for causing depression. A theoretical approach to the Beck Depression Inventory It is intended for individuals who are 13 years or older, but even if this is not intended for kids, there is a children’s version developed by psychologist Maria Kovacs who took the BDI as a model to establish the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). In addition, you can actually find the Beck Depression Inventory has been validated in a number of languages. Key symptoms evaluated can be listed in groups as follows: The overall score from the 21 items can be categorized in minimal depression (0-13), mild depression (14-19), Moderate depression (20-28) and severe depression (29-63). In the most updated version (BDI-II), items are scored in a 4 point rating scale where 0 means that the symptom is absent and 3 means severe symptomatology. This inventory was a result of clinical observations of symptoms and behaviors that were present more frequently in depressed psychiatric patients and were not as common in non-depressed psychiatric patients. In comparison to the first form of the BDI, the BDI-II does not have a particular theoretical basis. This inventory underwent revisions in 1978, resulting in the BDA-IA and BDI-II in 1996. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive distortions were to blame for depression. The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. Based on available psychometric evidence, the BDI-II can be viewed as a cost-effective questionnaire for measuring the severity of depression, with broad applicability for research and clinical practice worldwide.In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck depression Inventory. The BDI-II is a relevant psychometric instrument, showing high reliability, capacity to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects, and improved concurrent, content, and structural validity. Factor analysis showed a robust dimension of general depression composed by two constructs: cognitive-affective and somatic-vegetative. However, the cutoff score to screen for depression varied according to the type of sample. The criterion-based validity showed good sensitivity and specificity for detecting depression in comparison to the adopted gold standard. The correlation between BDI-II and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I) was high and substantial overlap with measures of depression and anxiety was reported. The internal consistency was described as around 0.9 and the retest reliability ranged from 0.73 to 0.96. ![]() ![]() Retained studies (k = 118) were allocated into three groups: non-clinical, psychiatric/institutionalized, and medical samples. ![]() Relevant studies of the BDI-II were retrieved through a search of electronic databases, a hand search, and contact with authors. To review the psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) as a self-report measure of depression in a variety of settings and populations.
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